Working Group 4: Healthcare Finance and Control systematically investigates the economic underpinnings and regulatory mechanisms of historical European healthcare systems, drawing from specific fiscal and administrative inputs. Government budgetary records, taxation documents, and philanthropic archives constitute primary sources for understanding funding streams and resource allocation. The group critically analyzes legislative acts, administrative directives, and institutional charters that governed healthcare provision and expenditure. Economic histories of medicine and welfare state development provide essential theoretical frameworks and comparative analyses of financing models. Furthermore, records of health insurance schemes, mutual aid societies, and charitable organizations illuminate diverse mechanisms of risk pooling and financial access. Accounting ledgers and financial reports from hospitals and medical bodies offer granular data on operational costs and control measures. This comprehensive approach clarifies the complex interplay of financial structures and regulatory oversight in shaping healthcare access and quality.