Working Group 1: Healthcare Provision critically examines historical healthcare systems through a multifaceted array of scholarly inputs. Primary sources constitute a foundational component, encompassing archival records from medical institutions, governmental policy documents, and contemporary medical literature across the European continent. Concurrently, the group integrates established secondary scholarship, drawing from historical monographs, specialized journal articles, and theoretical frameworks concerning public health, social medicine, and welfare states. Qualitative data, particularly from oral histories and patient testimonies, offers essential perspectives on lived experiences within these historical structures. Quantitative inputs, derived from historical demographic statistics and epidemiological surveys, provide empirical grounds for analyzing health trends and resource distribution. The group further considers material culture, including architectural blueprints of medical facilities and historical medical equipment, alongside interdisciplinary analyses from sociology, economics, and political theory, to construct a comprehensive understanding of healthcare provision.